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E-commerce company fined $25 million for alleged COPPA violations
On July 19, the DOJ and FTC announced that a global e-commerce tech company has agreed to pay a penalty for alleged privacy violations related to its smart voice assistant’s data collection and retention practices. The agencies sued the company at the end of May for violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act Rule and the FTC Act, alleging it repeatedly assured users that they could delete collected voice recordings and geolocation information but actually held onto some of this information for years to improve its voice assistant’s algorithm, thus putting the data at risk of harm from unnecessary access. (Covered by InfoBytes here.)
The stipulated order requires the company to pay a $25 million civil money penalty. The order also imposes injunctive relief requiring the company to (i) identify and delete any inactive smart voice assistant children’s accounts unless requested to be retained by a parent; (ii) notify parents whose children have accounts about updates made to its data retention and deletion practices and controls; (iii) cease making misrepresentations about its “retention, access to or deletion of geolocation information or voice information, including children’s voice information” and delete this information upon request of the user or parent; and (iii) disclose its geolocation and voice information retention and deletion practices to consumers. The company must also implement a comprehensive privacy program specific to its use of users’ geolocation information.
FTC proposal would allow facial recognition for consent under COPPA
On July 19, the FTC announced it is seeking public feedback on whether it should approve an application that proposes to create a new method for obtaining parental consent under the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). The new method would involve analyzing a user’s facial geometry to confirm the individual’s age. Under COPPA, online sites and services directed to children under 13 are required to obtain parental consent before collecting or using a child’s personal information. COPPA provides a number of acceptable methods for obtaining parental consent but also allows interested parties to submit proposals for new verifiable parental consent methods to the FTC for approval.
The application was submitted by a company that runs a COPPA safe harbor program, along with a digital identity company and a technology firm that helps companies comply with parental verification requirements. Specifically, the FTC’s request for public comment solicits feedback on several questions relating to the application, including: (i) whether the proposed age verification method is covered by existing methods; (ii) whether the proposed method meets COPPA’s requirements for parental consent (i.e., can the proposed method ensure that the person providing consent is the child’s parent); (iii) does the proposed method introduce a privacy risk to consumers’ personal information, including their biometric information; and (iv) does the proposed method “pose a risk of disproportionate error rates or other outcomes for particular demographic groups.” Comments are due 30 days after publication in the Federal Register.
European Data Protection Board clarifies GDPR transfers
On July 18, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) published an information note to provide clarity on data transfers under the GDPR to the United States following the European Commission’s adoption of the adequacy decision as part of the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework on July 10. The information note also addresses available redress mechanisms under the framework, as well as a new redress mechanism relating to the area of national security. As previously covered by InfoBytes, the European Commission concluded that the U.S. “ensures an adequate level of protection – comparable to that of the European Union – for personal data transferred from the EU to U.S. companies under the new framework.” With the adoption of the new adequacy decision, personal data can now be transferred securely from the EU to U.S. companies participating in the framework without having to implement additional data protection safeguards.
The information note clarified that transfers based on adequacy decisions do not require supplementary measures. However, transfers to the U.S. not included in the “Data Privacy Framework List” will require appropriate safeguards, such as standard data protection clauses or binding corporate rules. The EDPB emphasized that U.S. government safeguards put in place in the area of national security (including the redress mechanism) will “apply to all data transfers to the [U.S.], regardless of the transfer tool used.” Additionally, EU individuals whose data is transferred to the U.S. based on the adequacy decision may use several redress mechanisms, including submitting complaints with the relevant U.S. organization, while EU organizations may seek advice from their national data protection authority to oversee related processing activities. Moreover, regardless of the transfer method used for sending personal data to the U.S., EU data subjects can submit complaints to their national data protection authority to utilize the new redress mechanism concerning national security. The national data protection authority, in turn, will ensure that the complaint is sent to the EDPB, which will transmit the complaint to the appropriate U.S. authorities.
The EDPB noted that the European Commission will conduct a review of the adequacy decision one year after it enters into force to ensure all elements have been fully implemented and are effective. Depending on the findings, the European Commission will decide, in consultation with the EDPB and the EU member states, whether subsequent reviews are warranted.
FTC fines company $7.8 million over health data and third-party advertisers
On July 14, the FTC finalized an order against an online counseling service, requiring it to pay $7.8 million and prohibiting the sharing of consumers’ health data for advertising purposes. The FTC alleged that the respondent shared consumers’ sensitive health data with third parties despite promising to keep such information private (covered by InfoBytes here). The FTC said it will use the settlement funds to provide partial refunds to affected consumers. The order not only bans the respondent from disclosing health data for advertising and marketing purposes but also prohibits the sharing of consumers’ personal information for re-targeting. The order also stipulates that the respondent must now obtain consumers’ affirmative express consent before disclosing personal information, implement a comprehensive privacy program with certain data protection measures, instruct third parties to delete shared data, and adhere to a data retention schedule.
Illinois Supreme Court declines to reconsider BIPA accrual ruling
On July 18, the Illinois Supreme Court declined to reconsider its February ruling, which held that under the state’s Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA or the Act), claims accrue “with every scan or transmission of biometric identifiers or biometric information without prior informed consent.” Three justices, however, dissented from the denial of rehearing, writing that the ruling leaves “a staggering degree of uncertainty” by offering courts and defendants little guidance on how to determine damages. The putative class action stemmed from allegations that the defendant fast food chain violated BIPA sections 15(b) and (d) by unlawfully collecting plaintiff’s biometric data and disclosing the data to a third-party vendor without first obtaining her consent. While the defendant challenged the timeliness of the action, the plaintiff asserted that “a new claim accrued each time she scanned her fingerprints” and her data was sent to a third-party authenticator, thus “rendering her action timely with respect to the unlawful scans and transmissions that occurred within the applicable limitations period.”
In February, a split Illinois Supreme Court held that claims accrue under BIPA each time biometric identifiers or biometric information (such as fingerprints) are scanned or transmitted, rather than simply the first time. (Covered by InfoBytes here.) The dissenting judges wrote that they would have granted rehearing because the majority’s determination that BIPA claims accrue with every transmission “subvert[s] the intent of the Illinois General Assembly, threatens the survival of businesses in Illinois, and consequently raises significant constitutional due process concerns.” The dissenting judges further maintained that the majority’s February decision is confusing and lacks guidance for courts when determining damages awards. While the majority emphasized that BIPA does not contain language “suggesting legislative intent to authorize a damages award that would result in the financial destruction of a business,” it also said that it continues “to believe that policy-based concerns about potentially excessive damage awards under [BIPA] are best addressed by the legislature,” and that it “respectfully suggest[s] that the legislature review these policy concerns and make clear its intent regarding the assessment of damages under [BIPA].”
Oregon is 11th state to enact comprehensive privacy legislation
On July 18, the Oregon governor signed SB 619 (the Act) to establish a framework for controlling and processing consumer personal data in the state. Oregon follows California, Colorado, Connecticut, Virginia, Utah, Iowa, Indiana, Tennessee, Montana, and Texas in enacting comprehensive consumer privacy measures. Last month, Florida also enacted privacy legislation, but the requirements focus on specific digital controllers with global gross annual revenues of more than $1 billion.
Highlights of the Act include:
- Applicability. The Act applies to persons conducting business or producing products or services intentionally directed at Oregon residents that either control or process personal data of more than 100,000 consumers per calendar year (“other than personal data controlled or processed solely for the purpose of completing a payment transaction”) or earn 25 percent or more of their gross revenue from the sale of personal data and process or control the personal data of 25,000 consumers or more. Additionally, the Act provides several exemptions, including financial institutions and their affiliates, data governed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and certain other federal laws, nonprofit organizations, and protected health information processed by a covered entity in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, among others. The Act does not apply to personal information collected in the context of employment or business-to-business relationships.
- Consumer rights. Under the Act, consumers will be able to access their personal data, make corrections, request deletion of their data, and obtain a copy of their data in a portable format. Consumers will also be able to opt out of the processing of personal information for targeted advertising, the sale of personal information, or profiling “in furtherance of decisions that produce legal effects or effects of similar significance.” Data controllers also will be required to obtain a consumer’s consent to process sensitive personal information or, in the case of a known child, obtain consent from the child’s parent or lawful guardian. Additionally, the Act requires opt-in consent for using the personal data of a youth 13 to 15 years old for targeted advertising or profiling. The Act makes clear that consent means “an affirmative act by means of which a consumer clearly and conspicuously communicates the consumer’s freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous assent to another person’s act or practice.” This does not include the use of an interface “that has the purpose or substantial effect of obtaining consent by obscuring, subverting or impairing the consumer’s autonomy, decision-making or choice.” Controllers that receive a consent revocation from a consumer must process the revocation within 15 days.
- Controller responsibilities. Among the Act’s requirements, data controllers will be responsible for (i) responding to consumer requests within 45 days after receiving a request (a 45-day extension may be granted when reasonably necessary upon notice to the consumer); (ii) providing clear and meaningful privacy notices; (iii) disclosing to consumers when their personal data is sold to third parties or processed for targeted advertising, and informing consumers how they may opt out; (iv) limiting the collection of data to what is adequate, relevant, and reasonably necessary for a specified purpose and securing personal data from unauthorized access; (v) conducting and retaining data protection assessments where there is a heightened risk of harm and ensuring deidentified data cannot be associated with a consumer; and (vi) avoiding unlawful discrimination.
- Data processing agreements. The Act stipulates that processors must follow a controller’s instructions and help meet the controller’s obligations concerning the processing of personal data. The Act also sets forth obligations relating to contracts between a controller and a processor. Processors that engage a subcontractor must ensure the subcontractor meets the processor’s obligations with respect to personal data under the processor’s contract with the controller.
- Private right of action and state attorney general enforcement. The Act does not provide a private right of action to consumers. Instead, the Oregon attorney general may investigate violations and seek civil penalties of no more than $7,500 per violation. Before initiating such action, the attorney general may grant the controller 30 days to cure the violation.
The Act takes effect July 1, 2024.
Washington releases FAQs for My Health My Data Act
On June 20, the Washington attorney general published a series of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) related to the My Health My Data Act—a comprehensive health privacy law that provides broad restrictions on the use of consumer health data (covered by InfoBytes here). The FAQs include information on the law’s effective dates and applicability. According to the AG, “all persons, as defined in the Act, must comply with section 10 beginning July 23, 2023. Regulated entities that are not small businesses must comply with sections 4 through 9 beginning March 31, 2024. Small businesses, as defined in the Act, must comply with sections 4 through 9 beginning June 30, 2024. For sections 4 through 9, the effective dates apply to the entirety of the section and are not limited to the subsections in which the effective dates appear.” Additionally, the FAQs clarify that a business that is covered by the Act must provide a link to its consumer health data privacy policy on its homepage.
The FAQs also address a potential conflict between Sections 6 and 9 of the Act regarding the right to delete and consumers’ authorizations to sell data, respectively. Section 9 mandates that any person, not just regulated entities, must obtain consumer authorization before selling or offering to sell their data. Both the seller and purchaser are required to retain a copy of the authorization, which may contain consumer health data for six years. However, Section 6 stipulates that consumer health data should be deleted from a regulated entity’s network upon the consumer’s request. The FAQs advise that in cases where a consumer requests deletion under Section 6, any authorizations stored under Section 9 must be redacted to eliminate any information related to the data that was sold.
California probes employers’ CCPA compliance
On July 14, the California attorney general announced it recently sent inquiries to several large employers as part of an investigation into companies’ compliance with their legal obligations under the California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA). The investigation centers on how companies handle the personal information of employees and job applicants. As previously covered by InfoBytes, temporary exemptions related to human resource and business-to-business data provided by the CCPA and the California Privacy Rights Act expired on January 1 of this year. Amendments were introduced last legislative session that would have extended the exemption for “personal information that is collected and used by a business solely within the context of having an emergency contact on file, administering specified benefits, or a person’s role . . . [in] that business.” The amendments also proposed extending certain exemptions related to “personal information reflecting a communication or a transaction between a business and a company, partnership, sole proprietorship, nonprofit, or government agency that occurs solely within the context of the business conducting due diligence or providing or receiving a product or service.” However, the amendments were not adopted, and the exemptions expired.
The AG said they are sending the inquiry letters “to learn how employers are complying with their legal obligations.” Covered businesses subject to the CCPA are required to comply with the statute’s privacy protections as they relate to employee data, including providing notice of privacy practices and honoring consumer requests to exercise their rights to access, delete, and opt out of the sale and sharing of their personal information.
Biden administration releases roadmap for National Cybersecurity Strategy
On July 13, the Biden administration published the National Cybersecurity Strategy Implementation Plan (NCSIP), outlining a roadmap for carrying out the administration’s National Cybersecurity Strategy. The strategy was released earlier this year to introduce several key pillars for countering threats to the digital ecosystem and improving the nation’s digital security (covered by InfoBytes here). Designed to build and enhance collaboration, the NCSIP identifies 65 federal initiatives assigned to various agencies with timelines for completion. According to the announcement, 18 agencies are spearheading initiatives in this “whole-of-government” plan, which also factors in “continued collaboration with the private sector, civil society, international partners, Congress, and state, local, Tribal, and territorial governments.”
Pillars include measures to:
- Defend critical infrastructure (the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency will implement measures to update the National Cyber Incident Response Plan to, among other things, provide clear guidance to external partners on the roles and capabilities of federal agencies in incident response and recovery);
- Disrupt and dismantle threat actors (including focusing on virtual asset providers that enable the laundering of ransomware proceeds);
- Shape market forces and drive security and resilience;
- Invest in a resilient future (the National Institute of Standards and Technology will convene an interagency working group to coordinate major issues in international cybersecurity standardization); and
- Forge international partnerships to facilitate coordination with partner nations. The administration expects to update the plan annually.
9th Circuit denies en banc hearing on COPPA preemption question
On July 13, a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit entered an order amending an opinion filed on December 28, 2022 and denied a petition for rehearing en banc in a putative class action accusing a multinational technology company and search engine and its affiliated video-sharing platform of collecting children’s data and tracking their online behavior surreptitiously without parental consent in violation of state law and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). The panel unanimously voted against defendant’s en banc rehearing request, commenting that no other 9th Circuit judge has requested a vote on whether to consider the matter en banc.
Claiming the defendant used “persistent identifiers” — which the FTC’s regulations define as information “that can be used to recognize a user over time and across different Web sites or online services” — class members alleged state law claims arising under the constitutional, statutory, and common laws of California, Colorado, Indiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Tennessee. Last December, the three-judge panel reversed and remanded the district court’s dismissal of the suit, disagreeing that the allegations were squarely covered, and preempted, by COPPA (covered by InfoBytes here.) On appeal, the 9th Circuit considered whether COPPA preempts state law claims based on underlying conduct that also violates COPPA’s regulations. The panel determined that “COPPA’s preemption clause does not bar state-law causes of action that are parallel to, or proscribe the same conduct forbidden by, COPPA. Express preemption therefore does not apply to the children’s claims.” The panel further noted that the U.S. Supreme Court and others have long held “that a state law damages remedy for conduct already proscribed by federal regulations is not preempted.”
The panel, however, amended its prior opinion to note that the FTC supports its conclusion that COPPA does not preempt the asserted state law privacy claims on the basis of either express preemption or conflict preemption. At the end of May, at the 9th Circuit’s request, the FTC filed an amicus brief (covered by InfoBytes here) arguing that COPPA does not preempt state laws that are consistent with the federal statute’s treatment of regulated activities. The panel concluded that neither express preemption nor conflict preemption bar the plaintiffs’ claims.