Skip to main content
Menu Icon
Close

InfoBytes Blog

Financial Services Law Insights and Observations

Filter

Subscribe to our InfoBytes Blog weekly newsletter and other publications for news affecting the financial services industry.

  • California: TILA does not preempt state laws on commercial financial disclosure

    State Issues

    On January 20, California Attorney General Rob Bonta sent a comment letter to CFPB Director Rohit Chopra in response to a preliminary determination issued by the Bureau in December, which concluded that commercial financial disclosure laws in four states (New York, California, Utah, and Virginia) are not preempted by TILA. As previously covered by InfoBytes, the Bureau issued a Notice of Intent to Make Preemption Determination under the Truth in Lending Act seeking comments pursuant to Appendix A of Regulation Z on whether it should finalize its preliminary determination. The Bureau noted that a number of states have recently enacted laws requiring improved disclosures of information contained in commercial financing transactions, including loans to small businesses, to mitigate predatory small business lending and improve transparency. In making its preliminary determination, the Bureau concluded that the state and federal laws do not appear “contradictory” for preemption purposes, explaining, among other things, that the statutes govern different transactions (commercial finance rather than consumer credit).

    Under the California Commercial Financing Disclosures Law (CFDL), companies are required to disclose various financing terms, including the “total dollar cost of the financing” and the “total cost of the financing expressed as an annualized rate.” Bonta explained that the CFDL only applies to commercial financing arrangements (and not to consumer credit transactions) and “was enacted in 2018 to help small businesses navigate a complicated commercial financing market by mandating uniform disclosures of certain credit terms in a manner similar to TILA’s requirements, but for commercial transactions that are unregulated by TILA.” He pointed out that disclosures required under the CFDL do not conflict with those required by TILA, and emphasized that there is no material difference between the disclosures required by the two statutes, even if TILA were to apply to commercial financing. According to Bonta, should TILA preempt the CFDL’s disclosure requirements, there would be no required disclosures at all for commercial credit in the state, which would make it challenging for small businesses to make informed choices about commercial financing arrangements.

    While Bonta agreed with the Bureau’s determination that TILA does not preempt the CFDL, he urged the Bureau to “articulate a narrower standard that emphasizes that preemption should be limited to situations where it is impossible to comply with both TILA and the state law or where the state law stands as an obstacle to the full purposes [of] TILA, which is to provide consumers with full and meaningful disclosure of credit terms in consumer credit transactions.” He added that the Bureau “should also reemphasize certain principles from prior [Federal Reserve Board] decisions, including that state laws are preempted only to the extent of actual conflict and that state laws requiring additional disclosures—or disclosures in transactions not addressed by TILA—are not preempted.”

    State Issues Agency Rule-Making & Guidance Federal Issues State Attorney General California CFPB Small Business Lending Disclosures Commercial Finance CFDL TILA Regulation Z

  • CFPB says servicers should suggest sales over foreclosures for some borrowers

    Federal Issues

    On January 20, the CFPB encouraged mortgage servicers to advise homeowners struggling to pay their mortgages that a traditional sale may be better than foreclosure. The Bureau reported that due to the Covid-19 pandemic many homeowners are facing foreclosure, especially consumers who were delinquent when the pandemic began. The Bureau pointed out that while foreclosure rates are relatively low compared to pre-pandemic levels, mortgage data from November 2022 shows an increase of 23,400 foreclosure starts. “Often, the mortgage servicer’s phone representatives are the first line of communication with homeowners,” the Bureau said, reminding servicers to provide training to their representatives so they are prepared to provide information to equity-positive homeowners about selling their home as a potential option. “Of course, conversations about selling the home cannot substitute for the Regulation X requirement that mortgage servicers present all available loss mitigation alternatives to borrowers,” the Bureau stated, explaining that Appendix MS-4(B) to Regulation X contains sample language that can be used to inform homeowners of the option to sell their home. Additionally, the Bureau advised servicers to refer homeowners to HUD-approved housing counseling agencies to discuss their options.

    Federal Issues CFPB Consumer Finance Mortgages Servicing Mortgages Foreclosure Covid-19 Regulation X

  • FDIC announces Georgia disaster relief

    On January 20, the FDIC issued FIL-05-2023 to provide regulatory relief to financial institutions and help facilitate recovery in areas of Georgia affected by severe storms, straight-line winds, and tornadoes on January 12. The FDIC acknowledged the unusual circumstances faced by institutions affected by the storms and encouraged institutions to work with impacted borrowers to, among other things: (i) extend repayment terms; (ii) restructure existing loans; or (iii) ease terms for new loans, provided the measures are done “in a manner consistent with sound banking practices.” Additionally, the FDIC noted that institutions “may receive favorable Community Reinvestment Act consideration for community development loans, investments, and services in support of disaster recovery.” The FDIC will also consider regulatory relief from certain filing and publishing requirements and instructs institutions to contact the Atlanta Regional Office for consideration.

    Bank Regulatory Federal Issues FDIC Disaster Relief Consumer Finance

  • OCC revises Comptroller’s Licensing Manual

    On January 19, the OCC announced an updated version of the “Branches and Relocations” booklet of the Comptroller’s Licensing Manual. According to Bulletin 2023-04, the revised booklet replaces booklet of the same title issued in October 2019. The revised booklet, among other things: (i) reflects recent updates to 12 CFR 5 and other regulations, as applicable; (ii) removes references to outdated guidance and provides current references; and (iii) makes other minor modifications and corrections throughout.

    Bank Regulatory Federal Issues Licensing OCC Comptroller's Licensing Manual

  • CFTC commissioner discusses crypto exchange’s collapse

    Federal Issues

    On January 18, CFTC Commissioner Christy Goldsmith Romero spoke before the Wharton School and the University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School on lessons learned from the recent bankruptcy of a cryptocurrency exchange, calling the collapse a “violation of trust.” Specifically, Goldsmith Romero mentioned that the digitization of financial services and products brought convenience but also a presumed trust in crypto exchanges with name recognition, which was violated by the collapse. She pointed to the collapsed exchange’s reliance on the name recognition it made through marketing campaigns and explained that such advertising “played up the exchange’s safety and convenience for people that may be new to crypto.”

    Goldsmith Romero urged Congress to avoid permitting newly-regulated crypto exchanges to self-certify products for listing under the current process that limits CFTC oversight. She stressed it “is critical to institute guardrails against regulatory arbitrage," including prohibiting self-certification.

    Goldsmith Romero also called on lawyers, accountants, compliance professionals, and other gatekeepers to “step up and call for compliance, controls, and other governance.” She expressed that these gatekeepers failed their “essential duties” to protect crypto customers and market integrity, and noted that they have allowed “the promise of riches and the company’s marketing pitch to silence their objections to obvious deficiencies.” Ultimately, Goldsmith Romero advised that “[s]ound custody practices and strong cybersecurity are necessary to restore trust and protect customers.”

    Federal Issues Digital Assets CFTC Cryptocurrency

  • FTC takes action against eye surgery provider

    Federal Issues

    On January 19, the FTC announced an action against an Ohio-based eye surgery provider (respondent) concerning allegations that it engaged in “bait-and-switch” advertising. According to the FTC’s complaint, the respondent engaged in deceptive business practices by marketing eye surgery for $250, yet only 6.5 percent of patients who received consultations qualified for that price. According to the FTC, despite the advertising claims, for consumers with less than near-normal vision the company typically quoted a price between $1,800 and $2,295 per eye. The FTC also alleged that respondent neglected to tell consumers up-front that the promotional price was per-eye.

    Under the terms of the decision and order (which was granted final approval on March 15) the respondent must, among other things, pay $1.25 million in redress to harmed customers. Additionally, the respondent is banned from using deceptive business practices and is required to make certain clear and conspicuous disclosures when advertising the surgery at a price or discount for which most consumers would not qualify. Specifically, such disclosures must include whether the price is per eye, the price most consumers pay per eye, and any requirements or qualifications needed to get the offered price or discount.

    The Commission voted to issue the administrative complaint and accepted the consent agreement 3-1. Commissioner Christine S. Wilson issued a dissenting statement, arguing that there are “no clear rules” regarding the qualifications of eye surgery referenced in the complaint. She stated that she is “concerned that requiring the inclusion of specific medical parameters in advertisements, when those parameters could be either over- or under-inclusive depending upon the results of the consultation, could be more confusing than helpful.”

    Federal Issues FTC Enforcement Advertisement UDAP Deceptive

  • FDIC announces Alabama, California disaster relief

    On January 18, the FDIC issued guidance (see FIL-03-2023 and FIL-04-2023) to provide regulatory relief to financial institutions and help facilitate recovery in areas of Alabama affected by severe storms, straight-line winds, and tornadoes occurring on January 12, and in areas of California affected by severe winter storms, flooding, and landslides occurring from December 27 and continuing. The FDIC wrote that in supervising impacted institutions, it will consider the unusual circumstances those institutions face. The guidance suggested that institutions work with borrowers impacted by the severe weather to extend repayment terms, restructure existing loans, or ease terms for new loans “in a manner consistent with sound banking practices.” The FDIC noted that institutions may receive favorable Community Reinvestment Act consideration for community development loans, investments, and services in support of disaster recovery. The agency will also consider relief from certain reporting and publishing requirements.

    Bank Regulatory Federal Issues FDIC CRA Disaster Relief Consumer Finance

  • Hsu discusses management of large banks

    On January 17, acting Comptroller of the Currency Michael J. Hsu delivered remarks at the Brookings Institute regarding large bank manageability. Hsu started by expressing his belief that developing a robust approach to detecting, preventing, and addressing too-big-to-manage (TBTM) risks will increasingly become an imperative for both banks and bank regulators. He stated that the best “way to successfully fix issues at a TBTM bank is to simplify it — by divesting businesses, curtailing operations and reducing complexity,” and that more typical actions, such as changing management, budgets, plans, and personnel will have limited impact at a bank that is too big to manage. Hsu added that “the size and complexity” of a bank “is the core problem that needs to be solved, not the weaknesses of its systems and processes or the unwillingness or incompetence of its senior leaders.”

    Hsu discussed the OCC’s four-step “escalation framework.” He noted that “the design logic of an escalation framework is to use the credible threat of restrictions and divestitures, guided by and consistent with due process, to force banks to prove that they are manageable and to then let the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of their actions speak for themselves.” He noted that the first step is to put a bank on notice and make clear the nature of the weakness requiring remediation. Significant deficiencies and/or weaknesses that go unaddressed can escalate into public enforcement actions, such as a consent order, where material safety and soundness risks or violations of laws and regulations are at play. If the problem continues, then the OCC will pursue a restriction and divestitures of a bank’s business activities or capital actions. The final step includes breaking up the bank by compelling divestment.

    Hsu concluded with his thoughts on the need for bank regulators to provide greater transparency on the supervisory process. He also emphasized the importance of due process and described supervisory remedies, including but not limited to, business restrictions, divestitures, and simplification of large banks when necessary.

    Bank Regulatory Federal Issues OCC Bank Supervision Bank Compliance

  • CFPB updates Mortgage Servicing Examination Procedures

    Agency Rule-Making & Guidance

    On January 18, the CFPB released an updated version of its Mortgage Servicing Examination Procedures, detailing the types of information examiners should gather when assessing whether servicers are complying with applicable laws and identifying consumer risks. The examination procedures, which were last updated in June 2016, cover forbearances and other tools, including streamlined loss mitigation options that mortgage servicers have used for consumers impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. The Bureau noted in its announcement that “as long as these streamlined loss mitigation options are made available to borrowers experiencing hardship due to the COVID-19 national emergency, those same streamlined options can also be made available under the temporary flexibilities in the [agency’s pandemic-related mortgage servicing rules] to borrowers not experiencing COVID-19-related hardships.” Servicers are expected to continue to use all the tools at their disposal, including, when available, streamlined deferrals and modifications that meet the conditions of these pandemic-related mortgage servicing rules as they attempt to keep consumers in their homes. The Bureau said the updated examination procedures also incorporate focus areas from the agency’s Supervisory Highlights findings related to, among other things, (i) fees such as phone pay fees that servicers charge borrowers; and (ii) servicer misrepresentations concerning foreclosure options. Also included in the updated examination procedures are a list of bulletins, guidance, and temporary regulatory changes for examiners to consult as they assess servicers’ compliance with federal consumer financial laws. Examiners are also advised to request information on how servicers are communicating with borrowers about homeowner assistance programs, which can help consumers avoid foreclosure, provided mortgage servicers collaborate with state housing finance agencies and HUD-approved housing counselors to aid borrowers during the HAF application process.

    Agency Rule-Making & Guidance CFPB Federal Issues Supervision Examination Mortgages Mortgage Servicing Covid-19 Consumer Finance

  • CFPB: Negative option marketing practices could violate the CFPA

    Federal Issues

    On January 19, the CFPB released Circular 2023-01 to reiterate that companies offering “negative option” subscription services are required to comply with federal consumer financial protection laws. According to the Circular, “‘negative option’ [marketing] refers to a term or condition under which a seller may interpret a consumer’s silence, failure to take an affirmative action to reject a product or service, or failure to cancel an agreement as acceptance or continued acceptance of the offer.” The Bureau clarified that negative option marketing practices could violate the CFPA where a seller: (i) misrepresents or fails to clearly and conspicuously disclose the material terms of a negative option program; (ii) fails to obtain consumers’ informed consent; or (iii) misleads consumers who want to cancel, erects unreasonable barriers to cancellation, or fails to honor cancellation requests that comply with its promised cancellation procedures.

    The Bureau described receiving consumer complaints from older consumers about being repeatedly charged for services they did not intend to buy or no longer wanted to continue purchasing. Other consumers reported being enrolled in subscriptions without knowledge of the program or the costs. Consumers also submitted complaints regarding the difficulty of cancelling subscription-based services and about charges on their credit card or bank account after they requested cancellation.

    The Bureau also warned that negative option programs can be particularly harmful when paired with dark patterns. The Circular noted that the Bureau and the FTC have taken action to combat the rise of digital dark patterns, which can be used to deceive, steer, or manipulate users into behavior that is profitable for a company, but often harmful to users or contrary to their intent. The Bureau noted that consumers could be misled into purchasing subscriptions and other services with recurring charges and be unable to cancel the unwanted products and services or avoid their charges.

    Federal Issues CFPB Consumer Finance Dark Patterns Negative Option

Pages

Upcoming Events